"It happened to me. All of my experience, all of my knowledge, none of it mattered. None of it protected me or enabled me to stop that attack."
Photo shows two dogs on the trainer's team at that time during a training day.
DogsBite.org - A highly experienced dog trainer recently joined our Thank You letter campaign. The person shared as many details as possible. "In training circles, you just do not say negative things about bully breeds anymore," the person wrote. "If you do you are attacked, ostracized, labeled a failure or 'dog racist' … Terms like 'animal abuser' or 'cruel force training' get tossed at you."1 We deeply thank the trainer for writing in and sharing this powerful story with our readers.
Dear DogsBite.org,"In my professional opinion, no other kind of dog is less predictable, less reliable, or more dangerous than these dogs are. Their owners’ irrational blind love for them just adds to the danger."I am a retired dog trainer. I spent 26 years working with hundreds of dogs including more than 12 years spent managing a 300+ dog sled dog kennel that for 3 years housed 75 pit bulls that I handled every day, exercised, fed, and cared for while their owner, a breeder and kennel operator, was rebuilding her property that burnt to the ground during a wildfire. To say I have experience with this type of dog would be an understatement. I also ran teams of 22 sled dogs into the wildernesses of Montana, Wyoming, Alaska, Idaho, Utah and Oregon. These are extremely powerful, high prey drive dogs. I could command them, was confident and sure of myself around every kind of dog with no exceptions. I feared no dog, understood them, respected them and was confident working with them all.2
That changed forever on a cool spring morning in 2013 when I was walking my small yorkie mix, a trained service dog for me. I was less than 30 yards from my home walking the grounds of the complex I lived in. It was a little after 10:00 am on a Saturday. My dog was on his leash and I had picked up a can someone had dropped and was throwing it in the trash when a neighbor opened their door and a 7 year old pit bull mix exploded through it and went after my small dog. I knew it’s intent, saw it latch onto my dog and I fell on it. More than 20 years of experience handling dogs at my disposal made absolutely NO DIFFERENCE. I know how to disable a dog; I know how to restrain one. I had stopped dog fights before, some involving more than 10 dogs in a mass of snarling biting fury and emerged with cuts and bruises. Not that day, that day for several minutes I screamed and fought with the pit bull mix. The man with her did not own her, he was just watching her for a friend, a "military" family who had her listed as a "lab mix" to get her onto the military bases where they lived.
The "military" man looking after her just watched while the dog tried 3 times to kill my dog. Each time I stopped her and she turned on me, attacking me, driving me back then going after my dog again, who after the first attack was not moving anymore, but was screaming in terror and agony. I am haunted by every second of the attack, every second I could not stop it and was powerless to protect my beloved pet and myself. Finally the "military" man stepped in, drug the dog back into the apartment and locked it up before coming back outside. I was lying over the top of my dog, covering him with my body and terrified the monster that had attacked us would break out again. I recall the man giving me the number of the dog's owner, asking me not to be mad, and leaving me bleeding and sobbing over my crying pet.
You talk about victim blaming -- my own sister attacked me. She came to get me, driving my dog and me first to the emergency vet and then to the hospital. She told me to fill out a dog attack form that the emergency vet gave us and was encouraging me to go after the owner and apartment complex until she found out the family was "military." They had been out of town visiting sick family and were in the apartment waiting for orders to process that would have them PCS out of the state.3 My sister's husband is also "military" (the same branch). She is so proud of being "military" it’s sometimes overwhelming. When she found out it was a "military" family that owned the dog she demanded I drop everything. She told me my tears were stupid and unreasonable and that I was irrational and too emotional about what had happened. Me, a dog trainer, was having nightmares. I was also afraid to step out my door.
"These dogs give little to no warning before attacking. These dogs can be 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 years old, and never a fly harmed or a growl made in all those years. Pit bulls are wonderful, until the moment they are not."I was not allowed to say a single negative thing to the family. I was treated like, well, like it was all my fault, like I was wrong to show animal control the bites on my hands and legs, wrong to let them take pictures of my dog, and wrong to ask the family to pay his vet bills. From that day on she treated me like I was a criminal, a stupid, foolish, wrong and bad person because the family did get into trouble. They had not told the apartment about the dog, had hidden the breed from the "military" and if I didn’t shut up I would ruin their happiness. That I could not sleep, had massive PTSD attacks that crippled me if a door opened suddenly and could not work at my job training dogs because I was not "me" anymore didn’t matter. Saving that dog and it’s family mattered more to her than me and my dog.
My relationship with my sister became cold, I can’t trust her. She went out and got a purebred pit bull puppy -- even living on a military base KNOWING the rules --- to show her support of pit bulls, so she could have one of these poor misunderstood dogs. She has lived on base with her pit bull and two other dogs for 3 years, hiding the pit bull whenever maintenance came by. When a friend had something "bad" happen with her pit bull after it turned a year old and reported her, my sister hid the dog, lied to the base personnel and got away with it. In all of my years of handling these dogs I never feared them, but I do now, not because of the dogs really, they are what they are, but the people who love them. They don’t care about anyone or anything but those dogs. They will throw their own family and friends under a bus to protect these dogs. It’s like some bizarre sickness overcomes them and rational realistic thought, compassion -- anything human -- just vaporizes in them.
In my years as a trainer, I have seen a substantial number of these dogs attack other animals and their owners excuse it. I’ve seen owners covered in bandages excuse their dogs for the attacks that caused their injuries. I have seen good people, owners who loved their pit bulls and afraid of what they were dealing with, but so desperate that their dog not be what so many of them are, become blind to the warnings that their dog is careening toward a disaster.4 Some of the dogs I've seen were just not "wired" right either, they were wrong in the head, so obsessed with killing things. Their loving owners would come in with scars or fresh injuries, their eyes bright with tears begging me to help them and not wanting to hear from another trainer that they just needed to put the dog down. You cannot train away instinct; you cannot train away genetics. You cannot love it away either.
As a highly experienced dog trainer, who also studied behavior, rehabilitation, and nutrition in dogs for decades, I feel this type of dog is a threat to safety wherever it lives. The owners cannot be relied on to know their dogs or handle or manage them and keep others safe. These dogs give little to no warning before attacking. These dogs can be 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 years old, and never a fly harmed or a growl made in all those years. Pit bulls are wonderful, until the moment they are not.
Nobody, not a professional, not an expert in the breed, not an owner, NOBODY, can look at a pit bull and tell which one will grow up to be okay, and which one will not. It is impossible to "raise them right." I’ve seen dogs raised every kind of right way. Then it turns and mauls someone or something. I have seen the other side too, dogs covered in fighting scars, missing chunks of their bodies, safer and easier to handle than a baby mouse and well behaved around other dogs. In my professional opinion, no other kind of dog is less predictable, less reliable, or more dangerous than these dogs are. Their owners’ irrational blind love for them just adds to the danger.
Every shelter worker who labels one a "lab mix" instead of a pit bull because they want it to be adopted throws their community under the bus. Every owner who lies about what their dog is to get them into a rental, places everyone who lives around them in front of a racing train. Every rescue that tries to "rehab" one that shows clear aggression, a clear willingness to cause injury to ANY living thing, is irresponsible, evil, and adding to the problem, adding to the truth that nobody can trust these dogs too. Absolutely nobody can trust anyone who owns one or loves this breed type and nothing said by anyone who loves them can be taken as truth. The lies seem to go with the dogs -- they are coated in lies, pain, fear and suffering."There is no need in today's society to keep these deadly creatures around. They were born for violence and death. We don’t need that, and we do not need them, truthfully, we never did."It is my personal wish that the breed would vanish from this world and make it a better place. There are over 400 kinds of dogs, distinct breeds in this world, all but a handful are mostly safe to live with and be around. There is no need in today's society to keep these deadly creatures around. They were born for violence and death. We don’t need that, and we do not need them, truthfully, we never did. There isn’t anything they do that another type of dog could not do better, except kill and ruin lives.
Thank you for your website, for the truth it bares, for the courage it took to put it there. Even as tough as I am, I can't stand up to the hurricane of insanity around these dogs. Thank you for your time, your research and candid honesty. You're an inspiration. Reading your site gave me the courage to write this all down, the first time I have ever done so. As a dog trainer I had to take tremendous criticism whenever I refused to handle these dogs. Their owners are the cruelest nastiest people I have ever encountered. Especially when someone tells them their dogs are not angels and they should expect nothing but what they are getting after they come begging a trainer for help so their dog can play at dog parks or stop trying to kill cats or children. I understand how irrationally hateful the lovers of these dogs can be, and how hard, as a victim of the breed, life is after you have been attacked by one. I raise my lighter to your story, to your website, and if you ever need a seasoned canine training and behavior expert’s input, please contact me.
- Retired Professional Dog Trainer of 25+ Years
2When we asked if there were bad experiences with the pit bulls during the 3-year period, the trainer explained that these were working dogs, weight pull and more, not your common pet pit bulls. The person wrote that just over a dozen "had situations come up that in spite of being handled by well seasoned pros and housed in a kennel designed for extremely powerful, high energy, high prey drive NOT PET huskies of several kinds, in addition to dozens of other breed types we worked with over the years, even under those circumstances the pit bulls found ways to get loose." All of these dogs were put down because of aggression toward dogs at the facility or other animals, the trainer wrote, "one for trying to kill our horses and then a neighbor's cattle, all in one day. We spent 7 hours trying to catch the dog before we finally got hold of the owner and got permission to shoot it."
3Permanent Change of Station (PCS).
4In a follow up email, the retired trainer added, "I think that's what scares me most about pit bulls and their owners and supporters, the rescuers of that type of dog. This terrible blindness, the refusal to admit what is happening right in front of them, to push away reality so hard they are falling back and not doing anything to fix what has happened with the dogs. Some are so determined that the dogs are not the problem that they cause more maulings, set the dogs up in situations where they are just doomed to fail, where any kind of dog could fail not just a pit-type."
Related articles:
06/24/15: Anchorage Attack: The Mechanics of a "Classic" Unprovoked Pit Bull Attack
04/01/15: Book Review: Misunderstood Nanny Dogs? A Critical and Objective Analysis...
07/02/14: Dr. David A. Billmire, MD: "There is no need for Pit Bulls" - Cincinnati Children's
06/20/11: Founder Colleen Lynn Reflects Upon Four Year Anniversary of Her Attack
07/27/09: The 100 Silliest Things People Say About Dogs by Alexandra Semyonova
05/05/09: Alexandra Semyonova: Heritability of Behavior in the Abnormally Aggressive Dog
First of all thank you for speaking out as the grandfather of a pit bull victim I have seen how anyone who dare to speak of the dangers of the breed are harassed. Your voice will save lives for anyone who will listen and make safer choices.
I thank you so much for sharing this heartbreaking story. It will save lives. It will encourage others to speak out too! What is not talked about enough is the number of times these owners excuse away vicious attacks on animals. How many times does this happen a day in our country? The pit bull owner just walked away afterward like nothing ever happened. I guarantee you she completely excused that attack away, and the next time her pit bull attacked an animal too. There is no doubt that this is the case much of the time, that they are simply blind and steeped in denial — "so desperate that their dog not be what so many of them are, become blind to the warnings that their dog is careening toward a disaster." Innocent people and pets pay the price. There must be a great wealth of stories and knowledge that trainers stay silent about. The cost of speaking out is just too high.
Thank you so much for speaking out. What a horrifying experience. You've hit the nail on the head about who these people are. It is really insane, and you are doing a great service to people by explaining this from the perspective of an expert in dog training and handling bold, aggressive, assertive working dogs.
Pit bull owners everywhere are attempting to figure out who wrote this at this very moment to ruin this persons career. Thank you for speaking up.
People are at great risk if a family member or neighbor has become indoctrinated into the pit bull breeder and dog fighter-created pit bull cult, and must be vigilant to protect themselves and their pets
I tend to always be the stinker in the bunch but I want to know what is his current relationship with his sister? Personally, as a person who has been attacked and bitten by a pit bull, if my sister did what his did I would disown her. Period. Don't call me, don't text me, don't write me, don't visit me, don't try to contact me in anyway. Yes, it is worth losing a sibling over.
My real identity is being guarded, alot has been changed location wise, I was even guided in creating this account so I could participate etc but the truth is all there. What's saddest is I am no criminal, all I did was walk my dog on a leash near my home on a nice day, and get mauled by a Pitbull. I heard someone mention Micheal Vicks dogs, saying those are an example of a Pitbull you wouldn't want in public, I wonder if the pitbull enthusiast who said it, while saying their own dog aggressive dog was safer knew that the Vick dogs actually had a better rehab success rate than most pet bred Pitbulls, some of the most torn up, most ripped up and fought were able to become calm stable family pets better than a dog you might find through a rescue or shelter. What so many of these people just will not face is that none of them, not one, can know which Pitbull is going to be safe throghout its life, and which one will not, they wont know when it may happen, or what may trigger the violence and they wont admit the danger is real, THAT is what makes these dogs so very very dangerous. Not the dogs themselves, were they not adored by these people they would have ceased to exist, they were not bred for any purpose other than violence during a troubled time in history and the really sad part? The people who claim to love them are doing NOTHING to correct the problems the breed has, there are no breeders out there breeding for calm stable temperaments, nobody trying to breed out the hair trigger dog aggression, nope, the Pitbull enthusiasts are all about pretty colors of blue and red, loads of muscles and spiked collars and giant chain leashes. They couldn't seem to care less about breeding out the problems in their breed, they're to busy trying to ram acceptance of it down the worlds throat and crying about discrimination if anyone in the pet industry does anything but gush about their dogs. I'm retired, I dont train for the public anymore, but it wouldn't stop these people from trying to destroy my life because I was brutally attacked by one of their dogs and had the gaul to speak up about it. Heaven forbid somebody who knows dogs, who trained, who handled hundreds of these dogs over a busy career, who knows powerful performance dogs etc etc say anything negative about Pitbulls. Well, Colleen inspired me to put my neck on the block and relate what happened to me and, to provide the voice of a very experienced professional in the industry, who has done temperament evaluations for rescues and humane organizations, still IS a CGC evaluator, been called to provide expert testimony in animal attack cases etc to the discussions that happen here. I want other victims to know, you are NOT wrong, you did NOT create your attack, you could not have predicted it. Even top professionals who KNOW how to handle these kinds of animals can't stop one of these attacks.
Thank you. I also know the Stephen King type of ethereal attack, out of nowhere, and in one split second your life is forever changed. I am attacked daily, if I mention pits. I have been attacked by a congress of them (using the term used for a group of baboons makes sense here) and I was blamed , vilified, insulted and demeaned. It is horrible. If I didn't like the dogs before, (I did) the actions of these horrible people would have cured that!
I moved into a neighborhood that is full of pit bulls. This isn't a trailer park either. The houses here range in the 150,000-200,000 price. I look both ways when I walk out the door or try to walk my dog. One set of dogs has already attacked the mailman. It's an accident waiting to happen.
The entire situation is shocking really. Victims treated like criminals, dogs that have proven they are willing and able to attack people or other animals "rescued" and why? Is there a shortage of Pitbulls in shelters that makes "saving" dangerous dogs proven to be unstable something that our communities need? The fact that some of the Micheal Vick dogs could be placed into homes at all would seem to very much debunk the endlessly chanted "it's all about how they are raised". If how they are raised dictates their ongoing behavior, how could a single one of the Vick dogs ever be safe enough to be placed in any home when something as simple as a weak latch on a gate could release them into the public? What I have seen is that environment means nothing, how they are raised means nothing, management is subject to the human elements of failure and complacency and since when should any "pet" require the same levels of management as keeping something like a tiger as a "pet" in the first place? The dogs have a genetic drive, a compulsion to confront and challenge other animals, we would see it at the kennel at times, they would try to lock eyes with other dogs, it was the only warning we would get that they were moving in a bad direction mentally and had to be moved out of sight from that dog, they absolutely would focus on targets and sometimes even days later, when walking they would look for those targets with a determination we knew meant it was time they were relocated to a completely different part of the facility. In one case a young female did this with an Alaskan Husky male, we couldn't ever figure out why but she focused on him, though the two dogs never got anywhere near each other, and she became bent on reaching him, one day she worked her way loose and chewed through fencing to out of her own yard and into the area where he was, she attacked him, and it took three trained professionals to get her off. She was one that was put down because she would not stop trying to get to that male to kill him and became willing to hurt other animals and people in her growing frustration. This from a dog that covered over 100 miles a week exersize and was handled by seasoned pros every day that knew how to redirect high drive dogs and keep the peace in a large kennel environment. She was even fed a "cool" diet designed to lower her energy and encourage relaxation.
"In all of my years of handling these dogs I never feared them, but I do now, not because of the dogs really, they are what they are, but the people who love them. They don’t care about anyone or anything but those dogs. They will throw their own family and friends under a bus to protect these dogs. It’s like some bizarre sickness overcomes them and rational realistic thought, compassion — anything human — just vaporizes in them."
This. While I do not believe it's the owners, not the breed, there is a fatal problem with the pit bull ownership which does not affect other breeds; pit bull type dogs pose a near-irresistible allure to people who are morally vacant, empty shells. This is not a racial or class difference, not "gangsters" or "white trash" but simply amoral humans. Craven would call them sociopaths, my mother would say they have no 'class' meaning ethics and personal standards of behavior. I think there is a small but extremely influential number of pit owners who are like this, and the rest have basically begun imitating them. And this amoral behavior spread to other breeds. I remember as recently as the early 2000s, you could have an honest, civil conversation about dog breed differences with people whose breeds had aggression issues – Dobermans, Rottweilers, Filas, Cane Corsos. Now any hint that a breed is genetically coded to be aggressive is ferociously forbidden. Everyone whose breed has aggression problems has fallen joyously into the successful patterns of the pit bull DNA deniers – no, there's no problem here, we don't have to manage our pets differently, it's up to the rest of the world to prevent contact with our chosen pets. The whole astonishing service dog scam issue traces directly to the pit bull owners. They were the first to game the system, something virtually NO dog owner had thought to do in the 60+ years of the Seeing Eye and 20 years of the ADA.
I'm very sad as to how this story came to be shared. I've often wondered what a real dog expert's opinion would be on the pitbull problem. I had a feeling it would be dead on with reality. It makes me wonder what will happen when more people such as first responders, vet technicians, trauma surgeons…etc… start sharing their stories too.
Also when I think of pitbull owner characteristics, besides what was mentioned above. I always notice their insecurity. Which explains the overcompensating for the DOG'S happiness. These folks are on a campaign… They will badger the hell out of anyone who doesn't share their sunshine and rainbows love for ickle pittie pies.
Insecurity!!!! I-yi!
Here's Ohio pit bull rescuer Steffen Baldwin, who recently took a video of his injuries after breaking up a dog fight. Baldwin is the co-founder of "Ohioans Against Breed Discrimination" (https://www.facebook.com/steffen.baldwin). Other pit bull owners are also posting their "battle wounds" and thanking him for being "honest" about the reality of "integrating" pit bulls. The comments are fascinating and RICH with denial. Baldwin alleged he would follow up with a blog post — if he did, I can't find it.
https://www.facebook.com/steffen.baldwin/videos/10207422722357594/?fref=nf
"AMEN!!! Anybody who rescues or rehabilitates dogs with behavior issues and make off they have never had a fight are A) full of shit B) don't really have dogs that have behavior issues C) have them kenneled or crated and don't interact them … When I went to the ER and they gave me the state form to fill out for a dog bite, I refused and told them if they made me I was going to tell them it happened because I was attacked my a purple unicorn. They threw the paper away.. lol" -Angelo AndLitsa Kargakos
"Thanks for the transparency. People need to talk about it, this is reality. I hope you don't have nerve damage. I do in my left hand and my injuries weren't even as bad as that. But seriously thanks for keeping it real more people could be helped through learning about the Darkside as well as all the success." -Kerry Hall
"I've had several bad dog fights and I always feel like a criminal and hide it. Both of my hands looked very similar to yours after a three-dog fight that I had to break up after begging a neighbor to help because I couldn't do it on my own. I felt horrible." -Sundee Oberlies Martineau
"Some people, especially people with pits, will avoid reporting because of the statistical concerns. But we all know that the statistics presented are a bunch of nonsense and made up numbers anyways so I really wouldn't want to know that a person was suffering with a wound or a dog was suffering with wounds that need treatment and it was avoided because they were concerned about statistics." -Steffen Baldwin
"I got bit when I misjudged my moves in preventing my dogs getting into a fight. One was a newer addition at that time. The pro: they didn't get into a fight. The con: I messed up my fingers, lost a piece of bone, cartilage and tendons requiring plastic surgery, a pin for a month, plus 4 months of occupational therapy." -Imelda Suriato
The other day I was at an event and saw a woman walking around with a shirt with an image of a pit bull on the front. The back of the shirt read, "Pit bulls are just like any other dogs. All dogs need love, training, and responsible owners."
I just thought to myself, "Keep telling yourself that, honey."
You can't fix stupid.People choose pit bulls because of their own egos,believing they are in tune with the animal world. They should go wrestle a grizzly. Keep speaking truth.
Reading through the facebook there, seeing the injuries and comments like "Anybody who rescues or rehabilitates dogs with behavior issues and make off they have never had a fight are A) full of shit B) don't really have dogs that have behavior issues C) have them kenneled or crated and don't interact.." lay down this strange concept, that it's somehow OK that the dogs fight. Why? Why is it ok? Why would anybody think that? I worked with hundreds of large powerful dogs, yes, we had fights break out, usually when females were in heat or food was involved, but it was never OK. Anyone who thinks a dog can't control their bite is a fool. They aren't sharks, they dont close their eyes before they go in and clamp down, if you watch slow motion bite work with dogs training for protection or Police work their eyes are often WIDE open as they watch where they are on what they're biting, plan to either move their grip or bear down and hold on.
Dogs have much better visual acuity than we do, they can see better during fast situations than us because they are designed to as predators that are built to handle lightning fast prey. They can and do, pull their bites if they see themselves closing on something they dont want to bite, even during intense lightning fast encounters, they HAVE that control, nature built them to be able to land bites where they wanted to during the process of running down prey. It is not that dogs "mistakenly" bite someone entering a fight, it's that they DO NOT CARE, they are focused, they want to harm what they are attacking, want to subdue or kill it and they are willing to harm anything that interferes. I've walked into rolling dog fights involving 10+ large powerful dogs, and aside from scratches on my legs from being pushed off of as dogs scrambled for footing, I emerged without a bite and why? because the dogs I was walking into, while wanting to win their fight, could and did recognize I was there and redirected around me, so I KNOW dogs can do that, I've seen it not once or twice but dozens and dozens of times breaking up fights over the years. Also, in 26 years in dogs? I've been bitten 4 times, all 4 times because I didn't read a dog well enough (in one case because I didn't see the little bugger).
In all my years I was never attacked by a dog until the day that one Pit mix slipped out a door. It's not OK to be injured, it's not OK in a rescue or home setting to have dogs that will fight, if a behavior issue has made a dog THAT volatile why on EARTH would any sane person, with the tens of thousands of dogs dying in shelters all over the country that do NOT have those issues, why would anyone with half a brain "rescue" that kind of dog? PUT IT DOWN, someone failed it before you, it is NOT ok to try and put an animal already willing to harm things back into society, nor is it ok to expose other animals to it.
There are too many other dogs that dont have that mental unbalance in them to ever justify spending the time and effort on a dangerous dog. LET IT GO, take the time and money and save a nice dog, save ten, you could for the amount of time and effort a single proven dangerous dog takes. It's NOT ok. Yet, for some ungodly reason, these people have come to think that it is? WHY? Why leave good safe dogs to die in a shelter and bring home these powder kegs, inflict danger and injury on the other dogs in your care and put everyone who lives around you in danger because that powder keg is there. Why get yourself bitten, torn up, have lifetime scars and for what? Getting to live that way until that dog dies in your care? Because it isn't often those dogs can ever be placed into a home, unless they lie to themselves and adopters, roll the dice and prey that dog wont get triggered again…
I lost a best friend of 14 years because I told her to NOT have her rescued APBT around her grandkids, in an email complete with links to factual information. I got called everything in the book, even an animal hater. The dogs aren't the only party whose heads aren't wired right.
Bullybitten: These people can't prove they're a lion tamer with a chihuahua, nor will they get special snowflake accolades for rescuing a collie like they will a 'poor, misunderstood pibbles'.
Wow!Thanks for sharing with us. Unfortunately it seems people who loves the breed won't get it unless they experience an attack themselves. What your sister did is despicable. After my son's attack my aunt adopted a pit mix. She usually had Christmas dinner but I refused to take my son there unless she put the dog away. One time it came running I'm the house when she opened the garage where the pit was. My son jumped behind me and I guarded him. My aunt grabbed his collar and rolled her eyes like my son was making a big deal out of nothing. So I get it a little. But your sister sounds like she is way worse.
You should not subject your son to your Aunt's dog, Michaela. She made a choice.